Scaffold- and Cell System-Based Bone Grafts in Tissue Engineering (Review)

The review considers the current trends in tissue engineering including maxillofacial surgery based on the use of scaffolds, autologous stem cells and bioactive substances. The authors have shown the advantages and disadvantages of basic materials used for scaffold synthesis — three-dimensional porous or fiber matrices serving as a mechanical frame for cells; among such materials there are natural polymers (collagen, cellulose, fibronectin, chitosan, alginate and agarose, fibroin), synthetic polymers (polylactide, polyglycolide, polycaprolactone, polyvinyl alcohol) and bioceramics (hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate and bioactive glasses). There have been demonstrated the matrix techniques, special attention being paid to innovative technologies of rapid prototyping — the process of 3D-imaging according to a digital model. The most applicable of these techniques for biopolymers are laser stereolithography, selective laser sintering, fused deposition modeling, and 3D-printing. Great emphasis has been put on the use of bioactive substances in the process of obtaining scaffold-based bioengineered constructions — setting of stem cells on matrices before their transplantation to the defect area. Special attention has been given to a current trend of cellular biology — the application of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (most common marrow cells used in bone tissue regeneration), in particular, the available sources of their isolation and the variants of directed osteogenic differentiation have been presented. The review covers the characteristics and aims of bioactive substance inclusion in scaffold structure — not only to induce osteogenic differentiation, but also to attract new stem cells of a carrier, as well as promote angiogenesis.

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Kuznetsova D.S., Timashev P.S., Bagratashvili V.N., Zagaynova Е.V. Scaffold- and Cell System-Based Bone Grafts in Tissue Engineering (Review). Sovremennye tehnologii v medicine 2014; 6(4): 201