Adaptive Response of the Heart and Peripheral Vasculature on Single Physical Exercises in Experiment

The aim of the investigation was to assess the parameters of urgent adaptation of the heart and peripheral vasculature to single physical exercises to determine an individually safe value of motor activity.

Materials and Methods. The experiments were carried out on 84 mongrel male dogs. Physical exercises were modeled in laboratory environment by treadmill run. Three types of exercises were used in the experiment: mild, optimal and excessive. Exercise duration was controlled individually, for each animal considering cardio-respiratory system state by heart rate. Cardiac work was assessed by echocardiography and electrocardiography, peripheral circulation — by hindleg rheovasogram.

Results. Experimental findings indicate significant alterations in cardiac conducting system under single physical exercises. A single mild exercise causes the increase of minute blood output due to heart rate increase. Hind leg muscular blood filling decreases. An optimal exercise results in minute blood output increase due to stroke blood volume growth. Myocardial contractility increases. Muscular blood filling rises. In excessive load increased stroke output is accompanied by left ventricular cavity dilatation. Pulse volume decreases, peripheral vasculature elasticity reduces, and hind leg muscular venous outflow gets worse.

Conclusion. Urgent adaptation of the heart and peripheral vasculature in single physical exercises shows as a marked response to a simulated factor. The technique to assess the body adaptation considering cardiovascular system condition enables to calculate individual volume of physical activity and develop recommendations for it to be used efficiently in medicine.

1. Belotserkovskiy Z.B., Lyubina B.G., Koydinova G.A. Cardiac activity characteristics and physical performance in athletes with modified cardiac ventricular repolarization. Fiziologiya cheloveka 2009; 35(1): 90–100.
2. Laughlin M.H., Bowles D.K., Duncker D.J. The coronary circulation in exercise training. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302(1): H10–H23, http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00574.2011.
3. Dzhelebov P.V., Gundasheva D.I., Andonova M.J., Mihaylov R.M., Slavov E.P. Effects of experimental prolonged strenuous exercise on haematological parameters in dogs. Bulg J Vet Med 2009; 12(2): 112–118.
4. Corrado D., Basso C., Thiene G. Pros and cons of screening for sudden cardiac death in sports. Heart 2013; 99(18): 1365–1373, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2012-302160.
5. Rovira S., Munoz A., Benito M. Effect of exercise on physiological, blood and endocrine parameters in search and rescue-trained dogs. Veterinarni Medicina 2008; 53(6): 333–346.
6. Agadzhanyan M.G. Electrocardiographic manifestations of athletic overexertion in athletes. Fiziologiya cheloveka 2005; 31(6): 60–64.
7. Karpman V.L. Serdechno-sosudistaya sistema i transport kisloroda pri myshechnoy rabote: aktovaya rech’. V kn.: Kliniko-fiziologicheskie kharakteristiki serdechno-sosudistoy sistemy u sportsmenov [Cardiovascular system and oxygen transport in muscular activity: commencement address. In: Clinical medical characteristics of cardiovascular system in athletes]. Moscow; 1994; p. 12–39.
8. Panchenko L.F., Bochenkov A.A., Chermyanin S.V., Suin P.A., Fesyun A.D. Nervous and emotional tension of the flight personnel of the internal army aviation airplanes of Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs during night flights in difficult weather conditions. Vestnik OGU 2013; 155(6): 6–9.
9. Gaydash I.S., Kapustina E.V. The effect of single physical exercises on phagocytic rate of neutrophils and monocytes in blood of athletes. Zagal’na patologija ta patologichna fiziologija 2013; 8(1): 192–197.
10. Venckunas T., Lionikas A., Marcinkeviciene J.E., Raugaliene R., Alekrinskis A., Stasiulis A. Echocardiographic parameters in athletes of different sports. J Sports Sci Med 2008; 7(1): 151–156.
11. Neilan T.G., Ton-Nu T.T., Jassal D.S., Popovic Z.B., Douglas P.S., Halpern E.F., Marshall J.E., Thomas J.D., Picard M.H., Yoerger D.M., Wood M.J. Myocardial adaptation to short-term high-intensity exercise in highly trained athletes. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2006; 19(10): 1280–1285, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2006.05.001.
12. Kudrya O.N., Kiriyanova M.A., Kapilevich L.V. Characteristics of peripheral hemodynamics athletes with loads of adaptation to a different direction. Byulleten’ sibirskoy meditsiny 2012; 3: 48–53.
13. Iordanskaya F.A. Correlation analysis of adaptive parameters with possible risk factors of cardiovascular system in performance assurance in athletes. Vestnik sportivnoy nauki 2010; 5: 25–30.
14. Antelmi I., Chuang E.Y., Grupi C.J., Latorre M. do R.D. de O., Mansur A.J. Heart rate recovery after treadmill electrocardiographic exercise stress test and 24-hour heart rate variability in healthy individuals. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008; 90(6): 380–385, http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0066-782x2008000600005.
15. Lyamina N.P., Kotelnikova E.V., Bisyaeva E.A., Karpova E.S. Approaches potentiating cardioprotective effect of ambulatory physical training in patients with ischemic heart disease and multivessel coronary artery involvement after coronary stenting. Kardiologiya 2014; 54(10): 19–25.
16. Akdur H., Yigit Z., Arabaci U., Polat M.G., Gürses H.N., Güzelsoy D. Comparison of cardiovascular responses to isometric (static) and isotonic (dynamic) exercise tests in chronic atrial fibrillation. Jpn Heart J 2002; 43(6): 621–629, http://dx.doi.org/10.1536/jhj.43.621.
17. Sorokin A.P., Vazin A.N., Biryukova O.V. Sposob opredeleniya momenta nastupleniya polnoy adaptirovannosti organizma k fizicheskoy nagruzke [The way to determine the time of complete adaptation of the body to physical exercise]. Avtorskoe svidetel'stvo SSSR 665888 [USSR author's certificate 665888]. 1979.
18. Kamkin A., Kiseleva I., Lozinsky I., Scholz H. Electrical interaction of mechanosensitive fibroblasts and myocytes in the heart. Basic Res Cardiol 2005; 100(4): 337–345.
19. Skards Ya.V., Paeglitis A.O., Matisone D.R. Posledovatel’naya dilatatsiya sosudov soprotivleniya i magistral’nykh arteriy predplech’ya vo vremya rabochey i reaktivnoy giperemii. V kn.: Krovoobrashchenie v skeletnykh myshtsakh [Sequential dilatation of resistance vessels and major arteries of the forearm during functional and reactive hyperemia. In: Circulation in skeletal muscles]. Riga; 1991; p. 93–105.
20. Delp MD, O’Leary D.S. Integrative control of the skeletal muscle microcirculation in the maintenance of arterial pressure during exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 97(3): 1112–1118.
21. Yahontov S.V., Kulemzin A.V., Chufistova O.N. Mechanisms and factors link interaction cardiovascular system transient (analytical review, part 1). Vestnik TGPU 2010; 3(93): 149–155.
22. Kapelko V.I. Diastolic dysfunction. Kardiologiya 2011; 51(1): 79–90.
23. Mukumov M.R., Liakhovich Yu.S., Kurchik A.L., Belaya M.L., Pratusevich V.R. The length-dependence of the force-frequency relations in the rat myocardium. Fiziologicheskiy zhurnal SSSR im. I.M. Sechenova 1991; 77(10): 64–68.
24. Korobeynikov G.V., Priymakov A.A. Heart rate variability as physiological mechanism to adapt for strenuous muscular activity conditions. Vestnik Baltiyskoy pedagogicheskoy akademii 2004; 56: 20–26.
25. Iellamo F. Neural control of the cardiovascular system during exercise. Ital Heart J 2001; 2(3): 200–212.
26. Mitchell J.H. Neural circulatory control during exercise: early insights. Exp Physiol 2013; 98(4): 867–878, http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/expphysiol.2012.071001.

Biryukova O.V., Baranov N.A., Vasyagina T.I. Adaptive Response of the Heart and Peripheral Vasculature on Single Physical Exercises in Experiment. Sovremennye tehnologii v medicine 2015; 7(2): 55, https://doi.org/10.17691/stm2015.7.2.07