Capabilities of Nasal Videoendoscopy in Diagnostics of Pharyngeal Tonsil Condition in Children with Bronchial Asthma
The aim of the investigation was to assess nasal videoendoscopy capabilities in the diagnostics of pharyngeal tonsil condition in children with atopic bronchial asthma (BA).
Materials and Methods. We studied the condition of pharyngeal tonsil in 116 patients aged from 3 to 17 years (mean age 9.7±4.3 years), with atopic BA of various severity complaining of nasal breathing problems, using rigid rhinoscopes (Кarl Storz, Germany), 2.7 and 4.0 mm in diameter, viewing angle being 0 and 30°, laryngoscope 90° (Atmos, Germany), flexible nasopharyngoscope, 3.2 mm, and video camera (Atmos, Germany). Control group involved 108 children comparable in age and gender, with complaints of nasal breathing disturbances, without BA.
Results. The application of nasal videoendoscopy enabled to find out the incidence of degree II–III hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsil among children with BA at any age to be significantly higher than that in control group children (without BA). According to the present study, hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsil contributes considerably in nasal obstruction formation in BA children: 86.1% preschool children, 74.2% primary school children, 45.8% senior school children, and 20% adolescents that should be taken into consideration when managing such patients.
Conclusion. Nasal videoendoscopy enables to eliminate diagnostic difficulties, and evaluate objectively the pharyngeal tonsil condition in patients with bronchial asthma of different age groups. The merit of nasal videoendoscopy in obtaining new data on the fact that hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsil in general is more common in asthmatic patients than among children without asthma, and it should be taken into account in the management of such patients.
The state of pharyngeal tonsil is of particular interest in the study of the relationship of allergic diseases of the respiratory tract and pathologies of lymphoepithelial ring of pharynx [1]. In the norm, maximal development of lymphoid tissue occurs in children aged from 3 to 5 years, it is of physiological nature and due to determinate transient changes of the immune system peculiar to the age. As a rule, if there is no pathology, since 5–7-year age, natural involution of pharyngeal tonsil starts [2]. Hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsil (HPT) can develop in patients with upper respiratory infections, and according to some authors [3, 4] is also typical for patients with allergic diseases of the respiratory tract including bronchial asthma (BA).
Allergic inflammation, which is the pathological basis of BA, does not localize only in bronchial tree structures but also involves upper respiratory tract (URT) (single air passage — single disease) and MALT-system (Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue) associated with mucosae [5]. Retronasal direction of mucociliary clearance determines a key role of the pharyngeal tonsil as an inductive organ of URT mucosal immunity [6]. The main flow of antigens is delayed and caught, primarily, by epithelial structures of the pharyngeal tonsil. When interacting with viral microbial environment and respiratory allergens, pharyngeal tonsil functions as a barrier of mucosae, participates in mucosal immunity formation and the pathogenesis of inflammatory processes in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses [7].
Immune response of the pharyngeal tonsil is based structurally on hyperplasia of its lymphoid tissue [8]. Previously we showed [9] that HPT in BA patients can aggravate the symptoms of nasal obstruction typical for such patients due to frequent comorbidity of BA and allergic rhinitis.
There is a belief that in atopic children the risk of HPT development and hypertrophy degree is higher than in population in general [3, 10–12]. The pathology of lymphoepithelial ring of pharynx in children with allergic diseases of the respiratory tract can aggravate the course of the underlying disease and is a complementary factor confounding life quality of patients [13]. The relationship of allergic rhinitis and HPT is proved by the reduction of lymphoepithelial structures of pharyngeal tonsil and alleviation of nasal obstruction during the administered topical steroids and antihistamines [14, 15].
Current studies have shown that inflammatory changes in the nasopharynx of patients with BA result in systemic effects due to systemic absorption of inflammatory mediators synthesized in URT [16]. Inflammatory postnatal secretion has an effect on an underlying airway. In literature there has being discussed the effect of nasobronchial reflex on BA course in patients with comorbid upper respiratory diseases. According to Undem et al., the irritation of nasal mucosa receptors can result in the shortness of breath, cough or bronchospasm in BA patients [17–19]. It indicates the need for thorough diagnosis and treatment of URT pathology in patients to provide a complete BA control.
Currently, true incidence of HPT and diseases associated with this component of lymphoepithelial ring of pharynx in children with BA has not been determined so far. This is also due to the fact that the diagnostics of pathological lymphoepithelial ring of pharynx is still a complex problem. And for this reason the description of pharyngeal tonsil condition is of particular complexity, since its imaging in standard otorhinolaryngological examination is impossible due to its specific topography. There are various recommendations on nasopharynx pathology diagnosis, such as lateral view of the neck, palpation of nasopharynx, posterior indirect rhinoscopy and video endoscopy. However, the informativity of each of the mentioned diagnostic techniques is certain to be insufficient [20].
To assess pharyngeal tonsil condition we chose nasal videoendoscopy as the most informative and rapid among the available current methods and not associated with radiation exposure.
The aim of the investigation was to assess nasal videoendoscopy capabilities in the diagnostics of pharyngeal tonsil condition in children with atopic bronchial asthma.
Materials and Methods. We studied the examination results of 116 patients with atopic BA of different severity combined with URT pathology aged from 3 to 17 years (mean age 9.7±4.3 years); among them there were 87 boys and 29 girls. The following age groups were distinguished: preschool age (36 children, from 3 to 6 years); primary school age (35 children, from 7 to 11 years); grammar school age (24 children, from 12 to 14 years); adolescence (21 children, from 15 to 17 years). Control group included 108 children without BA with complaints of nose breathing problems comparable in age and gender (preschool age: 34 children; primary school age: 39 children; grammar school age: 20 children; and adolescence: 15 children).
BA diagnosis was verified in accordance with the National program recommendations “Bronchial asthma in children. Treatment strategy and prevention”, and with consideration for the regulations of Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention revised in 2011–2015 [21, 22]. Inclusion criteria were: the symptoms of acute respiratory infection and temperature rise.
The children were examined on the basis of City Children Clinical Hospital No.1, Nizhny Novgorod, and Multi-Field Clinic “Alexandria” of Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy. The examination included physical examination according to industry-specific medical standards, laboratory and instrumental diagnostic techniques, determination of respiratory function parameters, skin tests with nonbacterial allergens, determination of general and allergen-specific IgE. When studying past history data and physical examination, we assessed BA severity and the disease control level according to GINA criteria and a short version of Asthma Control Questionnaire-5 (ACQ-5) judging by a case history or medical treatment records. The study complied with the declaration of Helsinki (adopted in June, 1964 (Helsinki, Finland) and revised in October, 2000 (Edinburg, Scotland)) and was approved by the Ethics Committee of I.М. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. All patients aged 15–17 years and the parents of children under 15 years gave their written informed consent in accordance with Federal Law “The Basic Law on the Health Protection of the Citizens of the Russian Federation” dated July, 22, 1993, No.54871.
When estimating URT pathology, the diagnoses were verified due to International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems [23], recommendations “Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma [24], International Consensus Report on the diagnosis and management of rhinitis [25], European paper on rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps [26], classifications of the pathology of lymphoepithelial ring of pharynx [27, 28].
The diagnosis of allergic rhinitis was made based on the past history results, the assessment of clinical signs (nasal obstruction, pruritis, sneezing, rhinorrhea, and visual estimation data: rhinoscopy). Moreover, we assessed the color, tone, the presence of edema, hypertrophic changes of nasal mucosa, the presence and type of nasal discharges in a nasal passage.
In addition to standard otorhynolaryngological examination, URT study included video endoscopy of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx using the equipment and endoscopic photography. We applied rigid rhinoscopes Karl Storz (Germany), the angle of view being 0 and 30°, diameter 2.7 and 4.0 mm; videolaryngoscopy was performed by laryngoscope 90° (Atmos, Germany) and flexible nasopharyngoscope 3.2 mm; video recording was made by a video camera (Atmos, Germany). Nasal videoendoscopic examination was performed after 2% lidocaine instillation on nasal mucosa and application anesthesia by 0.1% adrenaline hydrochloride solution and 10% lidocaine.
When examining nasopharynx, we estimated the pharyngeal tonsil size, the presence of inflammatory response of the tissue, the nature and amount of secretion of the tonsil surface. In addition, we assessed the eustachian tonsil, the areas of auditory tube orifices. The videoendoscopic findings were processed and archived using Adobe Photoshop.
Statistically, the findings were analyzed using the programs Statgraphics plus and Biostаt. The data were represented as M±m, whereМis mean, and m is standard deviation. Statistical differences of quantitative signs were assessed by Student t-test and ANOVA, and qualitative differences were estimated using χ2 test. The differences were considered significant if p<0.05.
Results and Discussion. Thorough examination of URT pathology in children with atopic BA of different severity, and their complaints of nasal breathing difficulties enabled to reveal different types of impairments, the nasal cavity alterations prevailing. All the examined children were diagnosed allergic rhinitis of different severity [29]. The nasal videoendoscopy applied enabled to assess the condition of nasal and nasopharyngeal structures, the pathological changes of lymphoid tissue and associated ORL diseases to higher accuracy and in an integrated manner.
Pharyngeal tonsil pathology was diagnosed in 62.0% (72/116) examined patients with atopic BA. No correlation of the pathology with BA severity was found (F=0.91; p=0.34). According to nasal videoendoscopy, degree II HPT (the pharyngeal tonsil closed no less than 1/2 of the choanal lumen (Figure 1)) was found in 29.3% children (34/116).
 Figure 1. 6-year-old patient L. Nasal videoendoscopy fragment. Photo: the left choana view; adenoid tissue of pharyngeal tonsil is loose, the closes 1/2 of choanal lumen
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Adenoid vegetations of III degree were revealed in 32.7% patients (38/116). In these patients HPT tissue closed the 2/3 of choanal lumen (Figure 2).
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Figure 2. 6-year-old patient V (а) and 8-year-old patient N. (b). Nasal |
Thus, generally, adenoid hypertrophy revealed by nasal videoendoscopy was found in more than a half of the examined patients with BA, and 32.7% children with BA appeared to have a significantly enlarged pharyngeal tonsil (degree III hypertrophy).
Since adenotonsillar hypertrophy has its age peculiarities, we used nasal videoendoscopy to study the prevalence of lymphoepithelial hypertrophy taking into consideration the age of BA patients. The patients with enlarged pharyngeal tonsil were found to be of different ages. The mean age of children with BA with normal sized pharyngeal tonsil was 12.50±4.14 years. Generally, the children with HPT were significantly younger, their mean age being 8.1±3.6 years (F=36.27; p<0.0001). The mean age of patients with degree II HPT was 9.2±4.0 years, the mean age of patients with degree III HPT being 7.2±2.9 years (F=19.8; p<0.0001).
Due to the revealed dependence of pharyngeal tonsil condition on children age we studied nasopharynx nasal videoendoscopy findings considering the age of BA patients.
Preschool age group. The patients of a young age group (n=36) underwent nasal and nasopharyngeal endoscopy using, primarily, flexible optics. The following signs of allergic adenoiditis were found at the stage of allergic exacerbation: adenoid tissue of pale pink color, marked edema, flat sulci, the presence of mucoserous secretion on the pharyngeal tonsil surface (Figure 3).
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Figure 3. 4.5-year-old patient K. Nasal |
According to the study findings, a part of patients with HPT against atopic BA among preschool children is 86.1% (31/36). 11 children were found to have II degree adenoid hypertrophy (Figure 4), and 20 children had III degree hypertrophy (Figure 5).
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Figure 4. 4.4-year-old patient P. Nasal |
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Figure 5. 4.5-year-old patient M. Nasal |
The main complaint of patients with both III and II degree of HPT was nasal breathing difficulty. In III degree, the nasal breathing problem was persistent due to mechanical obstruction of choanal lumen by hypertrophied tissue of the pharyngeal tonsil. Moreover, there was observed the adenoid tissue of the tonsil overhanging the orifices of auditory tubes, or their complete obstruction (See Figure 5). Otoscopically such patients showed retracted tympanal membranes due to the dysfunction of auditory tubes.
Primary school age group. These patients had their nose and nasopharynx examined using both flexible and rigid optics, the view angle being 0°. With age increment, the incidence of pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy decreased up to 74.3% (26/35). Moreover, 13 patients were found to have enlarged pharyngeal tonsil up to II degree: adenoid tissue of the tonsil closed 1/2 of choanal lumen (Figures 6, 7).
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Figure 6. 10-year-old female patient O. Nasal |
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Figure 7. 9-year-old patient D. Nasal |
Other 13 children with BA of this age group were diagnosed degree III adenoids (Figures 8, 9). These patients, in addition to nasal breathing problems, complained of cough, especially at the stage of allergic rhinitis exacerbation; the cough increasing when a patient was in the recumbent position (including nighttime), and BA children require differential approach in cough diagnosis and therapy. Endoscopy in these patients showed the accumulation of mucous secretion in posterior inferior nasal meatus and on the pharyngeal tonsil surface visualized by nasal videoendoscopy.
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Figure 8. 8-year-old patient S. Nasal |
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Figure 9. 8-year-old female patient A. Nasal videoendoscopy fragment. Diagnosis: atopic bronchial asthma, moderately severe, remitting exacerbation; persistent allergic rhinitis, moderately severe, exacerbation; allergic adenoiditis, adenoid vegetations of II–III degree. Photo: the right (а) and left (b) choanal view: lymphoid tissue of the pharyngeal tonsil closes 2/3 of right choanal lumen (а), the tonsil is edematous, on its surface there is mucoserous discharge; the pharyngeal tonsil obturates over 1/2 of the left choanal lumen (b) |
Grammar school age group. Nasal
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Figure 10. 13-year-old patient B. Nasal |
III degree adenoids among these patients were revealed in 20.8% (5/24) patients with BA. Video endoscopic inspection enabled to diagnose hypertrophic processes in some patients not only in nasal-associated adenoid tissue but also in nasal mucosa (Figure 11 (а)). Similarly to the children of younger age groups, the patients of this age appeared to have obstruction of eustachian tubes in significantly enlarged pharyngeal tonsils (Figure 12).
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Figure 11. 12-year-old patient F. Nasal |
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Figure 12. 12-year-old female patient Ya. Nasal |
Adolescents. Despite the fact that generally HPT was not typical for BA patients of adolescence age group (n=21), nasal videoendoscopy enabled to reveal degree II HPT in 19% of them (4/21) (Figure 13). In addition, in some of these patients, video endoscopic inspection enabled to diagnose the presence of hypertrophic processes not only in nasal-associated adenoid tissue, but also in nasal mucosa (Figure 13 (а)). Nasal breathing problems in some adolescents worsened by impaired architectonics of the nasal cavity.
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Figure 13. 16-year-old patient R. Nasal |
Thus, according to nasal videoendoscopy findings, HPT occurred more frequently in BA children of preschool and primary school age than among the children of older age (z=5.1; p<0.0001). However, it should be mentioned that there was no pharyngeal tonsil reduction in a significant part of children with BA of senior age group and even among some adolescents.
Comparative nasal videoendoscopic characteristics of pharyngeal tonsil in patients with BA and control children. The analysis of age composition showed HPT to be more typical for preschool and primary school children both in BA patients and controls; however, in all age periods the size of pharyngeal tonsil in BA patients was larger than in children with no BA diagnosis. Nasal videoendoscopy enabled to state HPT preservation in a significant part of children (in BA children of grammar school age group: 45.8%, and even among some adolescents), as shows Figure 14.
 Figure 14. The dependence of pharyngeal tonsil size on age of children with BA. 1 point: no hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsil (HPT 0– I degree); 2 points: II degree HPT; 3 points: III degree HPT
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The differences in pharyngeal tonsil condition in children with BA and controls were found in all age groups: among preschool children: χ2=13.3; p=0.0013; in primary school children: χ2=16.2; p<0.0003; in grammar school children: χ2=7.5; p<0.02. HPT was revealed neither in adolescents nor in controls, while 4 adolescents with BA were found to have degree II HPT.
Nasal videoendoscopy findings proved the relationship between HPT and age both in the control group (children without BA), and also in patients with BA (See the Table). However, in general, children with BA in all age groups were characterized by higher HPT degree compared to the controls.
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Conclusion. Hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsils makes a considerable contribution to nasal obstruction formation in children with bronchial asthma that requires accurate data on adenoid tissue to develop optimal therapeutic programs. Nasal videoendoscopy enables to eliminate diagnostic difficulties and assess objectively a pharyngeal tonsil condition in patients with bronchial asthma of different age. The merit of nasal videoendoscopy is in obtaining new data that hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsil is generally more common among patients with asthma compared to those without the disease, and it should be taken into consideration when managing such patients.
Study Funding and Conflicts of Interest. The study was not funded by any sources, and the authors have no conflicts of interest related to the present study.
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