Today: Dec 27, 2024
RU / EN
Last update: Dec 27, 2024
Home page → All issues → Volume 12, Issue 1 (2020) → Article details
Аntibacterial and Antifungal Therapy for Patients with Acute Pancreatitis at High Risk of Pancreatogenic Sepsis (Review)

Аntibacterial and Antifungal Therapy for Patients with Acute Pancreatitis at High Risk of Pancreatogenic Sepsis (Review)

Firsova V.G., Parshikov V.V., Kukosh M.V., Mukhin A.S.
Key words: acute pancreatitis; sepsis; antibiotic therapy; antibiotic prophylaxis; antifungal therapy.
2020, volume 12, issue 1, page 126.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.17691/stm2020.12.1.15

Full text

html pdf
2207
1615

Controlling infection is crucial in treating patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). The infectious process in AP often predisposes to subsequent sepsis by damaging not only the pancreas, but retroperitoneal tissues as well. Among other AP-associated factors, are the rapidly developing immune imbalance, the poor penetration of antimicrobial agents into necrotic tissue, and the impossibility of a single surgical debridement. Antibacterial and antifungal therapy for patients with infected necrosis and AP-associated extra-pancreatic infections remains a complex and largely unresolved problem, partially due to the high occurrence of multiresistant pathogens. The preventive use of antimicrobial agents has been discussed in the literature; however, the lack of consistent results makes it difficult to develop a unified strategy and clinical guidelines on this specific issue. Recent meta-analyses provide no conclusive evidence that antibacterial prophylaxis reduces the infection rate, mortality, or the need for surgical treatment in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis. We found only two studies indicating the benefits of using carbapenems for prophylactic purposes and one meta-analysis indicating a reduction in mortality under antibiotic treatment started no later than 72 h after the onset of the attack. Selective bowel decontamination is considered as one of the preventive anti-infection measures, although the available data may not be fully reliable.

The main indications for antibacterial therapy in patients with AP are confirmed infected necrosis or extra-pancreatic infection, as well as clinical symptoms of suspected infection. Intra-arterial administration or local treatment with antibiotics can increase the efficacy of antibacterial therapy. No randomized studies on antifungal prophylaxis in AP are available; some reports though recommend using such therapy among patients at high risk of invasive candidiasis.

  1. Guo Q., Li A., Xia Q., Liu X., Tian B., Mai G., Huang Z., Chen G., Tang W., Jin X., Chen W., Lu H., Ke N., Zhang Z., Hu W. The role of organ failure and infection in necrotizing pancreatitis: a prospective study. Ann Surg 2014; 259(6): 1201–1207, https://doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000000264.
  2. Sabo A., Goussous N., Sardana N., Patel S., Cunningham S.C. Necrotizing pancreatitis: a review of multidisciplinary management. JOP 2015; 16(2): 125–135.
  3. Werge M., Novovic S., Schmidt P.N., Gluud L.L. Infection increases mortality in necrotizing pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pancreatology 2016; 16(5): 698–707, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2016.07.004.
  4. Forsmark C.E., Vege S.S., Wilcox C.M. Acute pancreatitis. N Engl J Med 2016; 375(20): 1972–1981, https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1505202.
  5. Chen H.Z., Ji L., Li L., Wang G., Bai X.W., Cheng C.D., Sun B. Early prediction of infected pancreatic necrosis secondary to necrotizing pancreatitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96(30): e7487, https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000007487.
  6. Sternby H., Bolado F., Canaval-Zuleta H.J., Marra-López C., Hernando-Alonso A.I., Del-Val-Antoñana A., García-Rayado G., Rivera-Irigoin R., Grau-García F.J., Oms L., Millastre-Bocos J., Pascual-Moreno I., Martínez-Ares D., Rodríguez-Oballe J.A., López-Serrano A., Ruiz-Rebollo M.L., Viejo-Almanzor A., González-de-la-Higuera B., Orive-Calzada A., Gómez-Anta I., Pamies-Guilabert J., Fernández-Gutiérrez-Del-Álamo F., Iranzo-González-Cruz I., Pérez-Muñante M.E., Esteba M.D., Pardillos-Tomé A., Zapater P., de-Madaria E. Determinants of severity in acute pancreatitis: a nation-wide multicenter prospective cohort study. Ann Surg 2019; 270(2): 348–355, https://doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000002766.
  7. Mayerle J., Dummer A., Sendler M., Malla S.R., van den Brandt C., Teller S., Aghdassi A., Nitsche C., Lerch M.M. Differential roles of inflammatory cells in pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 27(Suppl 2): 47–51, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2011.07011.x.
  8. Thomson J.E., Brand M., Fonteh P. The immune imbalance in the second hit of pancreatitis is independent of IL-17A. Pancreatology 2018; 18(3): 246–252, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2018.01.007.
  9. Mourad M.M., Evans R., Kalidindi V., Navaratnam R., Dvorkin L., Bramhall S.R. Prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis: endless debate. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2017; 99(2): 107–112, https://doi.org/10.1308/rcsann.2016.0355.
  10. Mandal A.K., Chaudhary S., Shrestha B., Paudel M.S., Poudyal N.S., Paudel B.N., Bhattarai B., Ray S.K., Ray N.M. Efficacy of prophylactic use of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole in mild and moderately severe acute pancreatitis. J Nepal Med Assoc 2017; 56(206): 207–210, https://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.3130.
  11. Soares F.S., Amaral F.C., Silva N.L.C., Valente M.R., Santos L.K.R., Yamashiro L.H., Scheffer M.C., Castanheira F.V.E.S., Ferreira R.G., Gehrke L., Alves-Filho J.C., Silva L.P., Báfica A., Spiller F. Antibiotic-induced pathobiont dissemination accelerates mortality in severe experimental pancreatitis. Front Immunol 2017; 8: 1890, https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01890.
  12. Nakaharai K., Morita K., Jo T., Matsui H., Fushimi K., Yasunaga H. Early prophylactic antibiotics for severe acute pancreatitis: a population-based cohort study using a nationwide database in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2018; 24(9): 753–758, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiac.2018.05.009.
  13. Talukdar R., Ingale P., Choudhury H.P., Dhingra R., Shetty S., Joshi H., Pradeep K.R., Mahapatra L., Mazumder S., Pradeep J.K., Thakker B., Chaudhary A., Kumar A., Nageshwar Reddy D., Rao G.V., Ramesh H., Bhat N., Garg P., Kochhar R. Antibiotic use in acute pancreatitis: an Indian multicenter observational study. Indian J Gastroenterol 2014; 33(5): 458–465, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12664-014-0494-7.
  14. Baltatzis M., Jegatheeswaran S., O’Reilly D.A., Siriwardena A.K. Antibiotic use in acute pancreatitis: global overview of compliance with international guidelines. Pancreatology 2016; 16(2): 189–193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2015.12.179.
  15. Barrie J., Jamdar S., Smith N., McPherson S.J., Siriwardena A.K., O’Reilly D.A. Mis-use of antibiotics in acute pancreatitis: Insights from the United Kingdom’s National Confidential Enquiry into patient outcome and death (NCEPOD) survey of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2018; 18(7): 721–726, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2018.05.485.
  16. Banks P.A., Bollen T.L., Dervenis C., Gooszen H.G., Johnson C.D., Sarr M.G., Tsiotos G.G., Vege S.S.; Acute Pancreatitis Classification Working Group. Classification of acute pancreatitis — 2012: revision of the Atlanta classification and definitions by international consensus. Gut 2013; 62(1): 102–111, https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302779.
  17. Russian Society of Surgeons. Ostryy pankreatit. Klinicheskie rekomendatsii [Acute pancreatitis. Clinical guidelines]. 2015. URL: http://общество-хирургов.рф/stranica-pravlenija/unkr/urgentnaja-abdominalnaja- hirurgija/nacionalnye-klinicheskie-rekomendaci-po-ostromu-pankreatitu.html.
  18. Singer M., Deutschman C.S., Seymour C.W., Shankar-Hari M., Annane D., Bauer M., Bellomo R., Bernard G.R., Chiche J.D., Coopersmith C.M., Hotchkiss R.S., Levy M.M., Marshall J.C., Martin G.S., Opal S.M., Rubenfeld G.D., van der Poll T., Vincent J.L., Angus D.C. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 2016; 315(8): 801–810, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.0287.
  19. Magiorakos A.P., Srinivasan A., Carey R.B., Carmeli Y., Falagas M.E., Giske C.G., Harbarth S., Hindler J.F., Kahlmeter G., Olsson-Liljequist B., Paterson D.L., Rice L.B., Stelling J., Struelens M.J., Vatopoulos A., Weber J.T., Monnet D.L. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18(3): 268–281, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x.
  20. Dambrauskas Z., Gulbinas A., Pundzius J., Barauskas G. Meta-analysis of prophylactic parenteral antibiotic use in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Medicina (Kaunas) 2007; 43(4): 291–300, https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina43040036.
  21. Bai Y., Gao J., Zou D.-W., Li Z.S. Antibiotics prophylaxis in acute necrotizing pancreatitis: an update. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105(3): 705–707, https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2009.676.
  22. Villatoro E., Mulla M., Larvin M. Antibiotic therapy for prophylaxis against infection of pancreatic necrosis in acute pancreatitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 12(5): CD002941, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002941.pub3.
  23. Wittau M., Mayer B., Scheele J., Henne-Bruns D., Dellinger E.P., Isenmann R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46(3): 261–270, https://doi.org/10.3109/00365521.2010.531486.
  24. Jiang K., Huang W., Yang X.N., Xia Q. Present and future of prophylactic antibiotics for severe acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18(3): 279–284, https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i3.279.
  25. Rada G., Peña J. Is antibiotic prophylaxis in acute pancreatitis beneficial? Medwave 2014; 14(7): e6004, https://doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2014.07.6004.
  26. Lim C.L., Lee W., Liew Y.X., Tang S.S., Chlebicki M.P., Kwa A.L. Role of antibiotic prophylaxis in necrotizing pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg 2015; 19(3): 480–491, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-014-2662-6.
  27. Ukai T., Shikata S., Inoue M., Noguchi Y., Igarashi H., Isaji S., Mayumi T., Yoshida M., Takemura Y.C. Early prophylactic antibiotics administration for acute necrotizing pancreatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2015; 22(4): 316–321, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbp.221.
  28. Ignatavičius P., Vitkauskienė A., Pundzius J., Dambrauskas Z., Barauskas G. Effects of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis. HPB (Oxford) 2012; 14(6): 396–402, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-2574.2012.00464.x.
  29. Pando E., Alberti P., Hidalgo J., Vidal L., Dopazo C., Caralt M., Blanco L., Gómez-Gavara C., Bilbao I., Balsells J., Charco R. The role of extra-pancreatic infections in the prediction of severity and local complications in acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2018; 18(5): 486–493, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2018.05.481.
  30. Working Group IAP/APA Acute Pancreatitis Guidelines. IAP/APA evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2013; 13(4 Suppl 2): e1–e15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2013.07.063.
  31. Tenner S., Baillie J., DeWitt J., Vege S.S. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108(9): 1400–1415, https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.218.
  32. Yokoe M., Takada T., Mayumi T., Yoshida M., Isaji S., Wada K., Itoi T., Sata N., Gabata T., Igarashi H., Kataoka K., Hirota M., Kadoya M., Kitamura N., Kimura Y., Kiriyama S., Shirai K., Hattori T., Takeda K., Takeyama Y., Hirota M., Sekimoto M., Shikata S., Arata S., Hirata K. Japanese guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis: Japanese Guidelines 2015. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Sci 2015; 22(6): 405–432, https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbp.259.
  33. Crockett S.D., Wani S., Gardner T.B., Falck-Ytter Y., Barkun A.N.; American Gastroenterological Association Institute Clinical Guidelines Committee. American gastroenterological association institute guideline on initial management of acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2018; 154(4): 1096–1101, https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2018.01.032.
  34. Ji L., Lv J.C., Song Z.F., Jiang M.T., Li L., Sun B. Risk factors of infected pancreatic necrosis secondary to severe acute pancreatitis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2016; 15(4): 428–433, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1499-3872(15)60043-1.
  35. Talukdar R., Nechutova H., Clemens M., Vege S.S. Could rising BUN predict the future development of infected pancreatic necrosis? Pancreatology 2013; 13(4): 355–359, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2013.05.003.
  36. Dias B.H., Rozario A.P., Olakkengil S.A., Anirudh V. Procalcitonin strip test as an independent predictor in acute pancreatitis. Indian J Surg 2015; 77(S3): 1012–1017, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-014-1112-8.
  37. Cardoso F.S., Ricardo L., Gondar P., Deus J.R., Horta D. C-reactive protein may influence decisively the prescription of prophylactic antibiotics in acute pancreatitis: a population-based cohort study. Pancreas 2015; 44(3): 404–408, https://doi.org/10.1097/mpa.0000000000000279.
  38. Zou C., Lu Z., Zhang Z., Zhao L., Tian L., Jiang K., Miao Y. Factors associated with pancreatic infection in patients with severe acute pancreatisis. Int J Clin Exp Med 2015; 8(8): 14100–14104.
  39. Shen X., Sun J., Ke L., Zou L., Li B., Tong Z., Li W., Li N., Li J. Reduced lymphocyte count as an early marker for predicting infected pancreatic necrosis. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15: 147, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-015-0375-2.
  40. Zeng Y.B., Zhan X.B., Guo X.R., Zhang H.G., Chen Y., Cai Q.C., Li Z.S. Risk factors for pancreatic infection in patients with severe acute pancreatitis: an analysis of 163 cases. J Dig Dis 2014; 15(7): 377–385, https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-2980.12150.
  41. Garret C., Péron M., Reignier J., Le Thuaut A., Lascarrou J.B., Douane F., Lerhun M., Archambeaud I., Brulé N., Bretonnière C., Zambon O., Nicolet L., Regenet N., Guitton C., Coron E. Risk factors and outcomes of infected pancreatic necrosis: retrospective cohort of 148 patients admitted to the ICU for acute pancreatitis. United European Gastroenterol J 2018; 6(6): 910–918, https://doi.org/10.1177/2050640618764049.
  42. Zhou J., Ke L., Tong Z., Li G., Li W., Li N., Li J. Risk factors and outcome of splanchnic venous thrombosis in patients with necrotizing acute pancreatitis. Thromb Res 2015; 135(1): 68–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2014.10.021.
  43. Srinivasan G., Venkatakrishnan L., Sambandam S., Singh G., Kaur M., Janarthan K., John B.J. Current concepts in the management of acute pancreatitis. J Family Med Prim Care 2016; 5(4): 752–758, https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.201144.
  44. Ding L., Yu C., Deng F., He W.H., Xia L., Zhou M., Lan G.L., Huang X., Lei Y.P., Zhou X.J., Zhu Y., Lu N.H. New risk factors for infected pancreatic necrosis secondary to severe acute pancreatitis: the role of initial contrast-enhanced computed tomography. Dig Dis Sci 2018; 64(2): 553–560, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-018-5359-y.
  45. Moran R.A., Jalaly N.Y., Kamal A., Rao S., Klapheke R., James T.W., Kambhampati S., Makary M.A., Hirose K., Kumbhari V., Stein E.M., Khashab M.A., Lennon A.M., Kalloo A.N., Zaheer A., Hernaez R., Singh V.K. Ileus is a predictor of local infection in patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2016; 16(6): 966–972, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2016.10.002.
  46. Thandassery R.B., Yadav T.D., Dutta U., Appasani S., Singh K., Kochhar R. Hypotension in the first week of acute pancreatitis and APACHE II score predict development of infected pancreatic necrosis. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60(2): 537–542, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-014-3081-y.
  47. Li X., Ke L., Dong J., Ye B., Meng L., Mao W., Yang Q., Li W., Li J. Significantly different clinical features between hypertriglyceridemia and biliary acute pancreatitis: a retrospective study of 730 patients from a tertiary center. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18(1): 89, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-018-0821-z.
  48. Li Q., Wang C., Tang C., He Q., Li N., Li J. Bacteremia in patients with acute pancreatitis as revealed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene-based techniques. Crit Care Med 2013; 41(8): 1938–1950, https://doi.org/10.1097/ccm.0b013e31828a3dba.
  49. Arlt A., Erhart W., Schafmayer C., Held H.C., Hampe J. Antibiosis of necrotizing pancreatitis. Viszeralmedizin 2014; 30(5): 318–324, https://doi.org/10.1159/000367948.
  50. Mowbray N.G., Ben-Ismaeil B., Hammoda M., Shingler G., Al-Sarireh B. The microbiology of infected pancreatic necrosis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2018; 17(5): 456–460, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbpd.2018.08.007.
  51. Jain S., Mahapatra S.J., Gupta S., Shalimar, Garg P.K. Infected pancreatic necrosis due to multidrug-resistant organisms and persistent organ failure predict mortality in acute pancreatitis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2018; 9(10): 190, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41424-018-0056-x.
  52. Sertaridou E., Papaioannou V., Kolios G., Pneumatikos I. Gut failure in critical care: old school versus new school. Ann Gastroenterol 2015; 28(3): 309–322.
  53. Louis K., Netea M.G., Carrer D.P., Kotsaki A., Mylona V., Pistiki A., Savva A., Roditis K., Alexis A., Van der Meer J.W., Giamarellos-Bourboulis E.J. Bacterial translocation in an experimental model of multiple organ dysfunctions. J Surg Res 2013; 183(2): 686–694, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2013.01.064.
  54. Mittal R., Coopersmith C.M. Redefining the gut as the motor of critical illness. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20(4): 214–223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2013.08.004.
  55. Tan C., Ling Z., Huang Y., Cao Y., Liu Q., Cai T., Yuan H., Liu C., Li Y., Xu K. Dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota associated with inflammation involved in the progression of acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 2015; 44(6): 868–875, https://doi.org/10.1097/mpa.0000000000000355.
  56. Meng M., Klingensmith N.J., Coopersmith C.M. New insights into the gut as the driver of critical illness and organ failure. Curr Opin Crit Care 2017; 23(2): 143–148, https://doi.org/10.1097/mcc.0000000000000386.
  57. Li Y., Wu H., Deng Y., Liao R., Xi L., Yao P. Changes of intestinal mucosal barrier and intestinal flora in rats with severe acute pancreatitis. Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi 2015; 32(2): 412–417.
  58. Janisch N.H., Gardner T.B. Advances in management of acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2015; 45(1): 1–8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2015.10.004.
  59. Resino E., San-Juan R., Aguado J.M. Selective intestinal decontamination for the prevention of early bacterial infections after liver transplantation. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22(26): 5950–5957, https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i26.5950.
  60. Silvestri L., van Saene H.K. Selective decontamination of the digestive tract: an update of the evidence. HSR Proc Intensive Care Cardiovasc Anesth 2012; 4(1): 21–29.
  61. Luiten E.J., Hop W.C., Lange J.F., Bruining H.A. Controlled clinical trial of selective decontamination for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Ann Surg 1995; 222(1): 57–65, https://doi.org/10.1097/00000658-199507000-00010.
  62. Daneman N., Sarwar S., Fowler R.A., Cuthbertson B.H.; SuDDICU Canadian Study Group. Effect of selective decontamination on antimicrobial resistance in intensive care units: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2013; 13(4): 328–341, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70322-5.
  63. Buelow E., Bello González T.D.J., Fuentes S., de Steenhuijsen Piters W.A.A., Lahti L., Bayjanov J.R., Majoor E.A.M., Braat J.C., van Mourik M.S.M., Oostdijk E.A.N., Willems R.J.L., Bonten M.J.M., van Passel M.W.J., Smidt H., van Schaik W. Comparative gut microbiota and resistome profiling of intensive care patients receiving selective digestive tract decontamination and healthy subjects. Microbiome 2017; 5(1): 88, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-017-0309-z.
  64. de Jonge E., de Wilde R.B.P., Juffermans N.P., Oostdijk E.A.N., Bernards A.T., van Essen E.H.R., Kuijper E.J., Visser C.E., Kesecioglu J., Bonten M.J.M. Carriage of antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria after discontinuation of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) or selective oropharyngeal decontamination (SOD). Crit Care 2018; 22(1): 243, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-018-2170-2.
  65. Myl’nikov A.G., Shapoval’yants S.G., Pan’kov A.G., Korolev S.V. Enteral tube nutrition and isolated gastrointestinal decontamination in acute destructive pancreatitis. Khirurgiya. Zhurnal im. N.I. Pirogova 2012; 2: 37–41.
  66. Fomin A.V., Okulich V.K., Ovsianik D.M. Antibiotic prophylaxis and therapy of infected pancreatic necrosis adjusted for gastric microbial indicators. Annaly khirurgicheskoy gepatologii 2014; 3(19): 99–105.
  67. Schwender B.J., Gordon S.R., Gardner T.B. Risk factors for the development of intra-abdominal fungal infections in acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 2015; 44(5): 805–807, https://doi.org/10.1097/mpa.0000000000000334.
  68. Ma H.X., He L., Cai S.W., Xin X.L., Shi H.D., Zhou L., Shi X.J. Analysis of the spectrum and resistance of pathogen causing sepsis in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2017; 55(5): 378–383, https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0529-5815.2017.05.014.
  69. Pavic T., Hrabar D., Kralj D., Lerotic I., Ogresta D. Candidemia after endoscopic therapy with lumen-apposing metal stent for pancreatic walled-off necrosis. Clin J Gastroenterol 2018; 11(3): 206–211, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12328-018-0823-y.
  70. Reuken P.A., Albig H., Rödel J., Hocke M., Will U., Stallmach A., Bruns T. Fungal infections in patients with infected pancreatic necrosis and pseudocysts: risk factors and outcome. Pancreas 2018; 47(1): 92–98, https://doi.org/10.1097/mpa.0000000000000965.
  71. Veselov A.V., Kozlov R.S. Invasive candidiasis: current aspects of epidemiology, diagnosis, therapy and prevention in different categories of patients (in questions and answers). Klinicheskaya mikrobiologiya i antimikrobnaya khimioterapiya 2016; 18(Suppl 2): 1–104.
  72. Sahar N., Kozarek R.A., Kanji Z.S., Chihara S., Gan S.I., Irani S., Larsen M., Ross A.S., Gluck M. The microbiology of infected pancreatic necrosis in the era of minimally invasive therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37(7): 1353–1359, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-018-3259-x.
  73. Hall A., Poole L., Renton B., Wozniak A., Fisher M., Neal T., Halloran C.M., Cox T., Hampshire P.A. Prediction of invasive candidal infection in critically ill patients with severe acute pancreatitis. Crit Care 2013; 17(2): R49, https://doi.org/10.1186/cc12569.
  74. Rasch S., Mayr U., Phillip V., Schmid R.M., Huber W., Algül H., Lahmer T. Increased risk of candidemia in patients with necrotising pancreatitis infected with candida species. Pancreatology 2018; 18(6): 630–634, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2018.07.005.
  75. Ahmed A., Baronia A.K., Azim A., Marak R.S.K., Yadav R., Sharma P., Gurjar M., Poddar B., Singh R.K. External validation of risk prediction scores for invasive candidiasis in a medical/surgical intensive care unit: an observational study. Indian J Crit Care Med 2017; 21(8): 514–520, https://doi.org/10.4103/ijccm.ijccm_33_17.
  76. Montravers P., Boudinet S., Houissa H. Candida and severe acute pancreatitis: we won’t be fooled again. Crit Care 2013; 17(3): 137, https://doi.org/10.1186/cc12613.
  77. Bassetti M., Leon C., Timsit J.F. Are prophylactic antifungals in highly colonized patients safe and effective? Intensive Care Med 2015; 41(7): 1336–1339, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-015-3888-9.
  78. Ferreira D., Grenouillet F., Blasco G., Samain E., Hénon T., Dussaucy A., Millon L., Mercier M., Pili-Floury S. Outcomes associated with routine systemic antifungal therapy in critically ill patients with Candida colonization. Intensive Care Med 2015; 41(6): 1077–1088, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-015-3791-4.
  79. van Baal M.C., Bollen T.L., Bakker O.J., van Goor H., Boermeester M.A., Dejong C.H., Gooszen H.G., van der Harst E., van Eijck C.H., van Santvoort H.C., Besselink M.G.; Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group. The role of routine fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of infected necrotizing pancreatitis. Surgery 2014; 155(3): 442–448, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2013.10.001.
  80. van Grinsven J., van Brunschot S., Bakker O.J., Bollen T.L., Boermeester M.A., Bruno M.J., Dejong C.H., Dijkgraaf M.G., van Eijck C.H., Fockens P., van Goor H., Gooszen H.G., Horvath K.D., van Lienden K.P., van Santvoort H.C., Besselink M.G.; Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group. Diagnostic strategy and timing of intervention in infected necrotizing pancreatitis: an international expert survey and case vignette study. HPB (Oxford) 2016; 18(1): 49–56, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpb.2015.07.003.
  81. Rau B.M., Kemppainen E.A., Gumbs A.A., Büchler M.W., Wegscheider K., Bassi C., Puolakkainen P.A., Beger H.G. Early assessment of pancreatic infections and overall prognosis in severe acute pancreatitis by procalcitonin (PCT): a prospective international multicenter study. Ann Surg 2007; 245(5): 745–754, https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sla.0000252443.22360.46.
  82. Sager R., Kutz A., Mueller B., Schuetz P. Procalcitonin-guided diagnosis and antibiotic stewardship revisited. BMC Med 2017; 15(1): 15, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-017-0795-7.
  83. Qu R., Ji Y., Ling Y., Ye C.Y., Yang S.M., Liu Y.Y., Yang R.Y., Luo Y.F., Guo Z. Procalcitonin is a good tool to guide duration of antibiotic therapy in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. A randomized prospective single-center controlled trial. Saudi Med J 2012; 33(4): 382–387.
  84. Howard T.J. The role of antimicrobial therapy in severe acute pancreatitis. Surg Clin North Am 2013; 93(3): 585–593, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2013.02.006.
  85. Yakovlev S.Ya., Zhuravleva M.V., Protsenko D.N., Beloborodov V.B., Briko N.I., Brusina E.B., Gusarov V.G., Eliseeva E.V., Zamyatin M.N., Zyryanov S.K., Kukes V.G., Popov D.A., Sidorenko S.V., Suvorova M.P. Clinical guideline. Antibiotic stewardship program for inpatient care. Clinical guidelines for Moscow hospitals. Consilium Medicum 2017; 19(7.1. Khirurgiya): 15–51.
  86. van Brunschot S., van Santvoort H., Besselink M., Fockens P. Infected necrotising pancreatitis: antibiotic administration remains the first step — authors’ reply. Lancet 2018; 391(10139): 2502, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(18)31189-9.
  87. Mouli V.P., Sreenivas V., Garg P.K. Efficacy of conservative treatment, without necrosectomy, for infected pancreatic necrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2013; 144(2): 333–340.e2, https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.10.004.
  88. Pascual I., Sabater L., Añón R., Calvete J., Pacheco G., Muñoz E., Lizarraga J., Sastre J., Peña A., Mora F., Pérez-Griera J., Ortega J., Benages A. Surgical versus nonsurgical treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis: more arguments to change the paradigm. J Gastrointest Surg 2013; 17(9): 1627–1633, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-013-2266-6.
  89. Nadkarni N., D’Cruz S., Kaur R., Sachdev A. Successful outcome with conservative management of emphysematous pancreatitis. Indian J Gastroenterol 2013; 32(4): 242–245, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12664-013-0322-5.
  90. Barreda L., Targarona J., Pando E., Reynel M., Portugal J., Barreda C. Medical versus surgical management for emphysematous pancreatic necrosis: is gas within pancreatic necrosis an absolute indication for surgery? Pancreas 2015; 44(5): 808–811, https://doi.org/10.1097/mpa.0000000000000322.
  91. Rasslan R., Novo F.D.C.F., Bitran A., Utiyama E.M., Rasslan S. Management of infected pancreatic necrosis: state of the art. Rev Col Bras Cir 2017; 44(5): 521–529, https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-69912017005015.
  92. Al-Sarireh B., Mowbray N.G., Al-Sarira A., Griffith D., Brown T.H., Wells T. Can infected pancreatic necrosis really be managed conservatively? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 30(11): 1327–1331, https://doi.org/10.1097/meg.0000000000001231.
  93. Moka P., Goswami P., Kapil A., Xess I., Sreenivas V., Saraya A. Impact of antibiotic-resistant bacterial and fungal infections in outcome of acute pancreatitis. Pancreas 2018; 47(4): 489–494, https://doi.org/10.1097/mpa.0000000000001019.
  94. Shiu J., Wang E., Tejani A.M., Wasdell M. Continuous versus intermittent infusions of antibiotics for the treatment of severe acute infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 3: CD008481, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd008481.pub2.
  95. Zhou M., Chen B., Sun H., Chen X., Yu Z., Shi H., Yao J., Xu Z., Zhang Q., Andersson R. The efficiency of continuous regional intra-arterial infusion in the treatment of infected pancreatic necrosis. Pancreatology 2013; 13(3): 212–215, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2013.02.004.
  96. Fukushima H., Fukushima T., Suzuki R., Enokizono T., Matsunaga M., Nakao T., Koike K., Mori K., Matsueda K., Sumazaki R. Continuous regional arterial infusion effective for children with acute necrotizing pancreatitis even under neutropenia. Pediatr Int 2013; 55(2): e11–e13, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200x.2012.03702.x.
  97. Endo A., Shiraishi A., Fushimi K., Murata K., Otomo Y. Impact of continuous regional arterial infusion in the treatment of acute necrotizing pancreatitis: analysis of a national administrative database. J Gastroenterol 2018; 53(9): 1098–1106, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-018-1452-4.
  98. Hamada T., Yasunaga H., Nakai Y., Isayama H., Horiguchi H., Matsuda S., Fushimi K., Koike K. Continuous regional arterial infusion for acute pancreatitis: a propensity score analysis using a nationwide administrative database. Crit Care 2013; 17(5): R214, https://doi.org/10.1186/cc13029.
  99. Yong F.J., Mao X.Y., Deng L.H., Zhang M.M., Xia Q. Continuous regional arterial infusion for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2015; 14(1): 10–17, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1499-3872(14)60290-3.
  100. González-López J., Macías-García F., Lariño-Noia J., Domínguez-Muñoz J.E. Theoretical approach to local infusion of antibiotics for infected pancreatic necrosis. Pancreatology 2016; 16(5): 719–725, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2016.05.396.
  101. Zaynutdinov A.M., Malkov I.S. Optimizing antibacterial treatment in acute pancreatitis (experimental and clinical research). Kazanskiy meditsinskiy zhurnal 2014; 95(4): 538–543.
  102. Inoue T., Ichikawa H., Okumura F., Mizushima T., Nishie H., Iwasaki H., Anbe K., Ozeki T., Kachi K., Fukusada S., Suzuki Y., Sano H. Local administration of amphotericin B and percutaneous endoscopic necrosectomy for refractory fungal-infected walled-off necrosis: a case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94(6): e558, https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000000558.
  103. Schooley R.T., Biswas B., Gill J.J., Hernandez-Morales A., Lancaster J., Lessor L., Barr J.J., Reed S.L., Rohwer F., Benler S., Segall A.M., Taplitz R., Smith D.M., Kerr K., Kumaraswamy M., Nizet V., Lin L., McCauley M.D., Strathdee S.A., Benson C.A., Pope R.K., Leroux B.M., Picel A.C., Mateczun A.J., Cilwa K.E., Regeimbal J.M., Estrella L.A., Wolfe D.M., Henry M.S., Quinones J., Salka S., Bishop-Lilly K.A., Young R., Hamilton T. Development and use of personalized bacteriophage-based therapeutic cocktails to treat a patient with a disseminated resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61(10): e00954-17, https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.00954-17.
  104. Clancy C.J., Nguyen M.H. Undiagnosed invasive candidiasis: incorporating non-culture diagnostics into rational prophylactic and preemptive antifungal strategies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12(7): 731–734, https://doi.org/10.1586/14787210.2014.919853.
Firsova V.G., Parshikov V.V., Kukosh M.V., Mukhin A.S. Аntibacterial and Antifungal Therapy for Patients with Acute Pancreatitis at High Risk of Pancreatogenic Sepsis (Review). Sovremennye tehnologii v medicine 2020; 12(1): 126, https://doi.org/10.17691/stm2020.12.1.15


Journal in Databases

pubmed_logo.jpg

web_of_science.jpg

scopus.jpg

crossref.jpg

ebsco.jpg

embase.jpg

ulrich.jpg

cyberleninka.jpg

e-library.jpg

lan.jpg

ajd.jpg

SCImago Journal & Country Rank

Publication is registered by Federal Service for Supervision in the Sphere of Telecom, Information Technologies and Mass Communications.
Mass Media Registration Certificate PE № FS 77-79187 dated October 16, 2020.

If reproducing any part of the publication a reference to the Journal is obligatory.