Каинатные рецепторы — ключ к пониманию синаптической пластичности, обучения и памяти (обзор)

Глутаматергическая сигнализация — один из основных типов возбуждающей синаптической передачи в головном мозге. Ее роль является ключевой для нормального функционирования мозга и выполнения когнитивных функций, в то время как нарушения приводят к развитию ряда патологий, вследствие чего глутаматергическая синаптическая передача представляет собой важную мишень для терапевтических интервенций. Опосредуется глутаматергическая синаптическая передача активацией набора ионотропных и метаботропных рецепторов глутамата, важной частью которых являются каинатные рецепторы. Эти рецепторы, обладая как ионотропным, так и метаботропным действием, вовлечены в синаптическую передачу и выполняют модуляторную роль в поддержании баланса возбуждения и торможения. Модуляторное действие каинатных рецепторов осуществляется через ряд механизмов, воздействующих на пресинаптические и постсинаптические окончания, ритмическую активность нейронной сети, функционирование астроглиальной сети и нейрон-глиальное взаимодействие. Таким образом, дисфункция каинатных рецепторов может приводить к нарушениям в балансе возбуждения и торможения и развитию патологической активности нейрональных сетей, включая проявление эпилептиформной активности. В обзоре рассматриваются основные механизмы, посредством которых ионотропная и метаботропная активация каинатных рецепторов участвует в регуляции синаптической передачи, пластичности, а также в процессах обучения и памяти.

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Popov A.V., Kushnireva L.A., Doronin M.S., Henley J.M. Kainate Receptors Are the Key to Understanding Synaptic Plasticity, Learning and Memory (Review). Sovremennye tehnologii v medicine 2017; 9(4): 228, https://doi.org/10.17691/stm2017.9.4.28