Маркеры состояния экстрацеллюлярного матрикса и методы их исследования (обзор)

Экстрацеллюлярный (внеклеточный) матрикс (ЭЦМ) представляет собой сложную сетчатую структуру, состоящую преимущественно из белков и углеводов, и рассматривается в настоящее время как ключевой регулятор организации тканей и гомеостаза. В каждом органе состав ЭЦМ различен, включает разнообразные фибриллярные компоненты, такие как коллагены, фибронектин и эластин, и нефибриллярные молекулы — протеогликаны, гиалуронан и гликопротеины, матриксные белки. ЭЦМ является активной структурой, в которой постоянно происходят процессы синтеза de novo структурных компонентов и параллельно — их деградации, осуществляемой преимущественно с участием ферментов, в том числе матриксных металлопротеиназ. Синтез и деградация компонентов матрикса находятся под сложным регуляторным влиянием различных медиаторов и цитокинов, метаболических, эпигенетических и средовых воздействий. В настоящее время накоплено большое количество доказательств, что изменения ЭЦМ играют важную роль при различных патологических состояниях. Этим обусловлен интерес к поиску маркеров, отражающих состояние ЭЦМ в разных органах и тканях как в физиологических условиях, так и при различных вариантах патологии. В последние годы многие из молекул ЭЦМ рассматриваются в качестве мишеней для диагностики, прогнозирования и лечения заболеваний. В данном обзоре мы систематизировали основные описанные в настоящий момент маркеры состояния ЭЦМ и используемые методы их определения.

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