Биоразлагаемые магниевые сплавы — перспективные материалы медицинского назначения (обзор)

Неразлагаемые имплантаты из стали или титана для восполнения дефектов опорного аппарата и изготовления сосудистых стентов обеспечивают максимальную стабильность, но имеют слишком много недостатков. В настоящее время в качестве перспективных материалов для создания крепежных конструкций в ортопедии и сердечно-сосудистой хирургии рассматриваются биодеградируемые сплавы магния. Первые попытки использования таких имплантатов для фиксации костей были предприняты еще в начале XX в., однако из-за высокой скорости коррозии и газообразования они оказались неудачными. Разработанные в последние годы сплавы на основе магния демонстрируют улучшенные коррозионные и механические свойства и являются перспективными материалами для создания биодеградируемых, биосовместимых металлических имплантатов.

На микроструктуру, механические свойства, электрохимическое поведение и кинетику деградации имплантатов из сплавов магния влияют легирующие элементы, способы поверхностного покрытия и термомеханической обработки имплантатов. Эти факторы определяют скорость деградации сплавов в физиологической среде, а также степень газообразования. Хотя в последнее время были проведены доклинические исследования и даже единичные пилотные клинические испытания медицинских изделий на основе сплавов магния, остается много нерешенных вопросов, препятствующих внедрению биодеградируемых сплавов магния в клиническую практику.

В обзоре всесторонне обсуждаются наиболее перспективные направления развития биомедицинских материалов на основе сплавов магния, рассмотрены существующие ограничения и проблемы их использования. Показана возможность использования биодеградируемых сплавов магния в онкологии.

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