Экспериментальные модели для исследования структурно-функционального состояния печени при развитии патологии (обзор)

Патологии печени по-прежнему остаются одними из лидирующих причин смертности населения во всем мире. Несмотря на их широкое распространение, возможности диагностики, прогноза и терапии неалкогольной и алкогольной болезней печени до сих пор ограничены и требуют разработки новых методов и подходов. В лабораторных исследованиях для воссоздания патологических состояний печени используют различные модели, включающие клеточные культуры, сфероиды, органоиды, микрофлюидные системы, тканевые эксплантаты.

Рассмотрены наиболее часто используемые in vivo, in vitro и ex vivo модели для изучения неалкогольной жировой и алкогольной болезней печени, токсического повреждения печени и фиброза, описаны их достоинства, ограничения, а также перспективы применения. Большой упор сделан на механизмы развития патологических состояний в каждой модели, а также оценку возможности воссоздания различных ключевых аспектов патогенеза для всех указанных патологий.

В настоящее время нет единого мнения по поводу выбора наиболее адекватной модели для изучения патологии печени. Эффективная модель для исследования определяется конкретной целью и задачами эксперимента.

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