Sialic Acids of Saliva in Primary and Differential Diagnosis of Lung Cancer

The aim of the study was to explore the option of using sialic acid of saliva as a marker for primary and differential diagnosis of lung cancer.

Materials and Methods. The study included 1903 subjects divided as follows: the main group (lung cancer, n=337, and non-malignant lung diseases, n=108), the comparison group (other types of oncological diseases, n=1033), and the control group (generally healthy, n=425). All participants filled the medical questionnaires and presented the histological verification of their diagnoses; then they underwent biochemical examination of their saliva samples. The level of sialic acids and the content of mucin in the saliva were determined spectrophotometrically.

Results. We found that the average level of sialic acids in the control group (0.270±0.037 mmol/L) was significantly higher than that in lung cancer (0.138±0.006 mmol/L) or non-tumor diseases of the lungs (0.148±0.003 mmol/L). The saliva content of sialic acids did not significantly differ between various histological types of lung cancer (0.175±0.027 and 0.166±0.024 mmol/L for squamous cell lung cancer and adenocarcinoma, respectively). We also noted that in patients with metastatic lung cancer, the level of sialic acids in the saliva was the lowest as compared with the generally healthy subjects.

Conclusion. The level of sialic acids in the saliva decreases both in patients with lung cancer and in patients with nonmalignant lung diseases. These results rationalize the option of using this parameter for the primary diagnosis of lung disorders as a whole; however, for the differential diagnosis of various lung diseases, the level of saliva sialic acids is of little value.

1. Mukeria A.F., Zaridze D.G. Lung cancer epidemiology and prevention. Vestnik Rossijskogo onkologiceskogo naucnogo centra im. N.N. Blohina RAMN 2010; 21(3): 3–13.
2. Nidyulin V.A., Erdniyeva B.V. About epidemiology of carcinoma of lungs. Meditsinskiy vestnik Bashkortostana 2009; 4(1): 66–71.
3. Davydov M.I., Zaridze D.G. Screening for cancer: current status and the perspectives. Vestnik Rossijskogo onkologiceskogo naucnogo centra im. N.N. Blohina RAMN 2014; 3: 2–6.
4. Sergeeva N.S., Marshutina N.V., Solokhina M.P., Alentov I.I., Parilova N.K., Zenkina E.V., Skatchkova T.E. Modern conceptions of serological tumor markers and their role in oncology. Uspekhi molekulyarnoy onkologii 2014; 1: 69–84.
5. Novikova S.E., Kurbatov L.K., Zavialova M.G., Zgoda V.G., Archakov A.I. Omics technologies in diagnostics of lung adenocarcinoma. Biomeditsinskaya khimiya 2017; 63(3): 181–210, https://doi.org/10.18097/pbmc20176303181.
6. Khailihiko V.A., Davidov M.I., Novikov A.M., Speransky D.L. Clinical value of sialic acids in lung cancer patients. Vestnik Rossijskogo onkologiceskogo naucnogo centra im. N.N. Blohina RAMN 1991; 2(1): 25–27.
7. Feijoo C., Páez de la Cadena M., Rodriguez-Berrocal F.J., Martinez-Zorzano V.S. Sialic acid levels in serum and tissue from colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Lett 1997; 112(2): 155–160,https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3835(96)04564-8.
8. Kökoğlu E., Uslu E., Uslu I., Hatemi H.H. Serum and tissue total sialic acid as a marker for human thyroid cancer. Cancer Lett 1989; 46(1): 1–5, https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3835(89)90207-3.
9. Michalakis K., Ilias I., Triantafyllou A., Polymeris A., Kastriotis I., Chairakaki A.-D., Savopoulos C. Detection of prostate cancer by sialic acid level in patients with non-diagnostic levels of prostate-specific antigen. Maturitas 2012; 73(4): 325–330, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.07.016.
10. Li P., Zhang X., Li T., Wang L., Du L., Yang Y., Li J., Wang H., Zhang Y., Wang C. Combined detection of sialic acid and hydroxyproline in diagnosis of ovarian cancer and its comparison with human epididymis protein 4 and carbohydrate antigen 125. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 439: 148–153, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2014.10.026.
11. Rajpura K.B., Patel P.S., Chawda J.G., Shah R.M. Clinical significance of total and lipid bound sialic acid levels in oral pre-cancerous conditions and oral cancer. J Oral Pathol Med 2005; 34(5): 263–267, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0714.2004.00210.x.
12. Dadhich M., Prabhu V., Pai V.R., D’Souza J., Harish S., Jose M. Serum and salivary sialic acid as a biomarker in oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer. Indian J Cancer 2014; 51(3): 214–218, https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-509x.146720.
13. Vajaria B.N., Patel K.R., Begum R., Shah F.D., Patel J.B., Shukla S.N., Patel P.S. Evaluation of serum and salivary total sialic acid and α-L-fucosidase in patients with oral precancerous conditions and oral cancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 115(6): 764–771, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2013.01.004.
14. Lukyanov P.A., Zhuravleva N.V. The current glycobiology and medicine. Vestnik Dal’nevostochnogo otdeleniya Rossiyskoy akademii nauk 2004; 3: 24–34.
15. Maslak A.S., Kostyuk O.V., Mashejko I.V., Brazaluk A.Z. The content of α-1 acid glycoprotein and sialic acids in biological fluids in patients with chronic myeloproliferative disease. Zhurnal Grodnenskogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta 2013; 1(41): 39–41.
16. Lemjabbar-Alaoui H., McKinney A., Yang Y.-W., Tran V.M., Phillips J.J. Glycosylation alterations in lung and brain cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 126: 305–344, https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.acr.2014.11.007.
17. Shamberger R.J. Serum sialic acid in normal and cancer patients. J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1984; 22(10): 647–651, https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm.1984.22.10.647.
18. Thanh T.T., Phuong N.T.M., Nhi N.B., Chi P.V. Changes of serum glycoproteins in lung cancer patients. J Proteomics Bioinform 2008; 1(1): 11–16, https://doi.org/10.4172/jpb.1000004.
19. Titov A.V., Bel’skaya L.V., Kovalenko D.A., Kharitonashvili I.T., Zaychenko N.M. Method for the determination of sialic acids in biological fluids. Eurasian patent 027937. 2017.
20. Moseeva M.V., Khokhlacheva N.A. Impact of dental preventive measures on aggressive and protective potential at erosive and ulcerative lesion of gastroduodenal area. Prakticheskaya meditsina 2013; 4(70): 70–74.
21. Bassalyk L.S., Laktionov K.P., Travnikov M.E., Novikov A.M., Makhova E.E. Dynamics of changes in the level and profile of sialloglycolides in tissues and biological fluids in patients with ovarian tumors. Vestnik Rossijskogo onkologiceskogo naucnogo centra im. N.N. Blohina RAMN 1993; 4: 54–59.
22. Petrov D.V., Ovsyannikov N.V., Mazhbich S.M., Kochetov A.M. Sickness rate and dispensary examination potential of sarcoidosis in Omsk. Vestnik sovremennoy klinicheskoy meditsiny 2010; 3(4): 29–32.
23. Terpigorev S.A., El-Zein B.A., Vereshagina V.M., Paleev N.R. Sarcoidosis: problems in classification classification. Vestnik RAMN 2012; 5: 30–37.
24. Prakash A., Singla P., Seth M., Agarwal H.K., Seth S., Study of serum total sialic acid level and its correlation with atherogenic index in cases of acute myocardial infarction. Int J Pharm Bio Sci 2011; 2(2): 8–14.
25. Chen S., Fukuda M. Cell type-specific roles of carbohydrates in tumor metastasis. Methods Enzymol 2006; 416: 371–380, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0076-6879(06)16024-3.
26. Bragava N.V. Heteropolysaccharides I: glycoproteins and glycolipids. In: Medical Biochemistry. Elsevier; 2002; p. 153–171, https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-012095440-7/50012-3.
27. Matveeva O.V., Kochneva G.V., Netesov S.V., Onikienko S.B., Chumakov P.M. Mechanisms of oncolysis by paramyxovirus sendai. Acta Naturae 2015; 7(2): 6–16.
28. Mogilnaja G.M., Durleshter V.M., Mogilnaja V.L., Ignatenko V.V. Mucins in assessment of tumoral biopotential. Kubanskiy nauchnyy meditsinskiy vestnik 2014; 4(146): 88–92.
29. Kondratyuk R.B., Vasilenko I.V., Gulkov Yu.K. Lectin-histochemical assessment of carbohydrate determinants in tumour cells of main histological types of gastric cancer. Patologija 2015; 1(33): 73–79.

Bel’skaya L.V., Kosenok V.K., Massard Zh. Sialic Acids of Saliva in Primary and Differential Diagnosis of Lung Cancer. Sovremennye tehnologii v medicine 2018; 10(2): 110, https://doi.org/10.17691/stm2018.10.2.12