Современные представления о патогенезе болезни Альцгеймера: новые подходы к фармакотерапии (обзор)

Ю.К. Комлева, Н.В. Кувачева, О.Л. Лопатина, Я.В. Горина, О.В. Фролова, Е.А. Тепляшина, М.М. Петрова, А.Б. Салмина

Ключевые слова: болезнь Альцгеймера; нейродегенерация; молекулы-мишени; фармакотерапия болезни Альцгеймера.

2015, том 7, номер 3, стр. 138.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.17691/stm2015.7.3.19

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Представлен обзор современной научной литературы о новом подходе к патогенезу болезни Альцгеймера, который ориентирован на изучение новых возможных мишеней для направленной фармакотерапии различных стадий нейродегенерации. Многофакторность заболевания, приводящая к потере трудоспособности, потере памяти и когнитивных функций, обусловливает снижение качества жизни и утрату дееспособности. Ситуация выглядит особенно критической в связи с тем, что большинство разрешенных к применению препаратов не вызывают должного эффекта, оказывают только симптоматическое воздействие. Это обусловливает поиск новых молекул-мишеней для фармакологического воздействия, а также разработку лекарственных препаратов с более избирательным действием.

Современные представления о патогенезе болезни Альцгеймера основываются на признании важности следующих патологических процессов — повреждение и гибель нейронов, нарушение нейрогенеза и межклеточных взаимодействий, развитие нейровоспаления, развитие васкулопатии, тогда как аккумуляция поврежденных белков в равной степени может быть как триггерным механизмом, так и следствием указанных событий. Исходя из данных представлений разрабатываются фармакологические подходы, направленные на предотвращение аккумуляции в мозге патологически измененных белков, купирование аберрантной нейротрансмиссии, коррекцию нейровоспаления и нарушенного нейрогенеза, а также на восстановление межклеточных взаимодействий.

Одним из перспективных подходов к разработке новых фармакотерапевтических стратегий является использование адекватных моделей болезни Альцгеймера на животных.

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